Bibliography Anxiety

 As I started to put together the elements of my I found myself a bit anxious at the thought of this process.  As with anything new I attempted in this class I had a bit of trepidation.  I can't explain it.  The map is there and accessible through so many APA tools so it isn't like I had to reinvent the wheel.  Never the less I put my mind to it and started to work.  As I began to put my sources on paper and organize them and then create the summary of what the document was about and why it applied to my topic, the big picture opened up in front of me.  Where I initially thought this was such a waste of time, created to ensue that I was really finding sources and using them to create an original work, I realized how this process helped me to see where each article fit into my topic and the flow of my future paper.  The annotated bibliography helps me to map out when and where I can apply that information as I draft up my paper.  I could see the outline of my research paper developing right before my eyes.

 Once I had the format down and got into the swing of it the paper flowed easily and was soon complete.  Learning how to properly cite different types of documents was by far the hardest part.

 Over the last few weeks as I was researching for the assignments I found and saved some related items that didn't necessary fit in with what we had to turn in but addressed my topic.  Once item was an NPR radio program which really provided me with an "AH HA" moment.  It is not social media that causes aggressive behavior in our youth but is actually a vehicle for them to share what they have been doing.  Where they would normally share their actions face to face with friends, they can now share them, often as they are occurring,  through video and photos, with their circle and beyond.  With so many people having profiles on social media the potential for sharing is huge.  There are also so many different platforms that are available that it makes monitoring these activities very difficult. 

Now I do not fear the tool, I embrace it.  Knowledge truly is power.

My submission:

How can society reduce the use of social media to perpetuate physical aggression between young people?

 

Barlow, M. The Plugged-In Life of Teens and Tweens:  What’s the Impact. Retrieved from
     http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1084&context=fmrc

This presentation as part of the UIAA Life long learning series provided some very interesting statistics on the percentages of people that have profiles on social media and how much time is spent on these sites.  Based on a 2012 survey by Pew Research Center 94% of teens have a facebook profile and only 25% of them have it set to private.  That is a very large number of teen users.  It also provided usage statistics for other sites such as twitter, Instagram, Vine, Snapchat, Kik Messenger, ask.fm, Tinder, Whisper and Shots.  What is alarming is that the minimum age of most of these sites is 13 to 17, but there is really no way to validate the age.  It is very easy to enter a fake birthday to create a profile.  All of these social media sites allow for picture/video sharing and communication and many allow for anonymity of the poster with no monitoring of activity by the app host.  Snapchat allows anyone 13 or older to join and has a system which allows the member to send self destructing test, photos and videos.  All of these are tools which allow socializing and networking.  According to the presentation 19% of those using these platforms were bullied through them.  Even more alarming is that 88% witnessed cruel behavior on these sites and 21% of those joined in.  All of these platforms are potential tools for encouraging and presenting aggressive behaviors.  What is concerning is that there are so many

open with little or no control to who joins, that monitoring and prevention is nearly impossible.  How then are we able to prevent such behaviors. 

 

Carrington, K., 2013. Girls and Violence:  The case for a Feminist Theory of Female Violence. In Crime
     and Justice.  Retrieved from http://eprints.qut.edu.au/62478/1/10_Carrington_5_Sep_13.pdf

Carrington evaluates the increase in female violence and how it is impacted by a shift in social norms and feminist theories.  She considers whether females have actually become more violent or rather their behaviors have become more noticeable.  Throughout the ages, women fell into certain social roles and were expected to exhibit certain behaviors.  As society changes so do the roles that women play in it.  Women are now more active in behaviors normally reserved for young men such as “acting tough, excessive smoking, swearing, fighting, drinking, being disruptive at school, being rude to teachers, and being open about sex” (p. 5).  Further more these activities are being showcased in movies, television shows and video games, which makes the behaviors seem part of the norm. 

Social media, while most often used by girls to develop and maintain positive relationships, is also used to document and share their fights.  A review of the statistics shows that this activity seems to be higher among girls than boys.  The videos seem to be created and shared in order to obtain bragging rights by the girls involved.  There are social media/websites that actually encourage such fights by seeing ratings by viewers.  Obviously the highest rated video would bring additional popularity to those involved. 

How society views these behaviors and responds to it being showcased on social media could have an impact on reducing these activities.  If social media sites were held accountable or punished for allowing such videos to be published or law enforcement was given more leeway in using the videos as evidence to press charges against the perpetrators, perhaps there would be a reduction in such behaviors.

Martin, M. (Host).  (2013, January 15).  Does Social Media Encourage Violent Teen Behavior [Radio
     broadcast episode]. http://www.npr.org/2013/01/15/169421562/what-causes-violent-teen-behavior

This interview addresses the correlation between social media and aggressive behavior in teens.  The question is asked, “Does social media encourage violent teen behavior.”  The over all response of the panel was no, it does not.  What social media does is allow a venue for teens to publicize and share their activities.  Where they may have bragged about it in person to their friends, now they can record the actions in real time and share it instantly gaining immediate feedback, not only from their social circle, but from their peers world wide.  The panel discusses that it is a parental responsibility to not only monitor what teens are doing on line but to teach them what is acceptable behavior.  One panelist stated that teens are selfish and often only care about what they want at a particular time and place and do not give consideration to how their behaviors impact others.   With our young people growing up in such a digital age, it is critical that we teach them right and wrong and guide them in the positive use of such things as social media and discourage behaviors that can not only bring harm to themselves but to others.

Patton, D. U., Hong, J. S., Ranney, M., Patel, S., Kelley, C., Eschmann, R., & Washington, T. (2014). Social
     media as a vector for youth violence: A review of the literature. Computers In Human Behavior, 548.
     DOI 10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.043.

This journal article reviews the existing literature addressing youth violence and the relationship to social media.  It recognizes that the “empirical data describing this relationship is limited” p. 549, but it does exist.  The authors reviewed 56 articles addressing topics on peer violence, which included cyber-bullying.  The conclusion was that “electronic youth violence” (p. 552) appears to be on the rise and it is in need of more attention.  There appears to be a weak definition of what cyber bullying actually is and it certainly requires some further attention.  The challenge for researchers is not only the weak definitions but how one goes about evaluating such behaviors in an ever changing, growing electronic world.  Every day more and more websites and apps are created widening the platform for such behaviors to occur.

In regards to the question, of society reducing the violent behaviors via social media, it is clear that more research and evaluation needs to occur to facilitate such actions.  One must understand the challenge to effectively make a positive impact on it. 

Sontag, L. M., Clemans, K. H., Graber, J. A. and Lyndon, S. T. (2011). Traditional and Cyber Aggressors
     and Victims: A Comparison of Psychosocial Characteristics.Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(4),
     392-404.  DOI 10.1007/s10964-010-9575-9

This study was a comparison of traditional and cyber aggressors to understand the relationship between the psychological traits and behaviors for both the aggressors and the victims.  Certain traits are “critical factors” (p. 393) in traditional aggressive behaviors.  Identifying these tendencies early could predict the potential for future negative behaviors allowing for both an effort towards behavior modification of the child and/or stricter control of their access to potential victims.  Society as a whole should be concerned with the aggressive behaviors both online and in cyber space but more focus should be placed at the lowest levels.  Parents, teachers, and others who have contact with children early on should be educated and aware of these traits/characteristics to enable early intervention and potential redirection of negative behaviors to a more positive and productive outlet. 

Walrave, M. (2012). E-youth : Balancing Between Opportunities and Risks. Bruxelles:

      P.I.E. Peter Lang.

This book evaluates the positive and negative aspects of the increasing use of Internet technologies by today’s youth.  The availability of Internet technology opens up a huge world to young people today with array of opportunities to learn, grow, and develop relationships and social networks.  While these young people are growing up technically savvy, they may not be getting adequate supervision or skills to protect themselves from the dangers that they bring right into their own homes.  There is also a divide between what adults see as a risk and what children do.  As our children grow we teach them not to talk to strangers but the line between a new friend and a stranger appears to have been blurred with the introduction of social media.  Young people tend to use social media to make friends and create a peer network.  Unfortunately this seemingly innocent act can morph into acts of cyber bullying and even physical aggression.  How parents monitor and the level to which they control Internet activity appears to vary based on culture but the consensus seems to be “that it is the task of policy makers to promote parental mediation of Internet use” (p. 248).   In order to prevent the increase of aggression via social media we must be aware of what children are doing when they are plugged in.  Prevention starts at home by teaching responsible behaviors and attitudes in the digital world.